what happened to rip at the end of the story

1819 short story by Washington Irving

"Rip Van Winkle" is a brusk story by the American author Washington Irving, first published in 1819. It follows a Dutch-American villager in colonial America named Rip Van Winkle who meets mysterious Dutchmen, imbibes their liquor and falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains. He awakes 20 years subsequently to a very inverse world, having missed the American Revolution.

Inspired by a conversation on nostalgia with his American expatriate brother-in-law, Irving wrote the story while temporarily living in Birmingham, England. It was published in his collection, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. While the story is prepare in New York'southward Catskill Mountains near where Irving later on took up residence, he admitted, "When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills."^[one]

Plot [edit]

"Rip Van Winkle" is prepare in the years earlier and after the American Revolutionary State of war in a village at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains where Rip Van Winkle, a Dutch-American villager, lives. Ane fall twenty-four hour period, Van Winkle wanders into the mountains with his canis familiaris Wolf to escape his wife's nagging. He hears his name called out and sees a man wearing antiquated Dutch clothing; he is carrying a keg up the mountain and requires help. Together, the man and Wolf go on to a hollow in which Rip discovers the source of thunderous noises: a grouping of ornately dressed and bearded men who are playing nine-pins.

Van Winkle does non ask who they are or how they know his proper name. Instead, he begins to drink some of their liquor and soon falls comatose. When he awakens on the mount, he discovers shocking changes: his musket is rotting and rusty, his beard is a foot long, and his dog is nowhere to be found. He returns to his village, where he recognizes no one. He arrives just after an election, and people enquire how he voted. Never having cast a ballot in his life, he proclaims himself a true-blue subject of Male monarch George III, unaware that the American Revolution has taken place, and nearly gets himself into trouble with the townspeople until one elderly woman recognizes him every bit the long-lost Rip Van Winkle.

Male monarch George's portrait on the inn's sign has been replaced with i of George Washington. Van Winkle learns that most of his friends were killed fighting in the American Revolution. He is besides disturbed to find another human chosen Rip Van Winkle; information technology is his son, at present grown upwardly. Van Winkle too discovers that his wife died some time ago, but he is non saddened by the news. He learns that the men whom he met in the mountains are rumored to be ghosts of the coiffure of the Halve Maen, captained by English sea explorer Henry Hudson. He also realizes that he has been away from the village for at least 20 years. His grown daughter takes him in and he resumes his usual idleness. His strange tale is solemnly taken to heart by the Dutch settlers, particularly by the children who say that, whenever thunder is heard, the men in the mountains must be playing ix-pins.

Characters [edit]

• Rip Van Winkle – A henpecked hubby who loathes "profitable labor"; and a meek, easygoing, ne'er-practise-well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets foreign men playing 9-pins.
• Dame Van Winkle – Rip Van Winkle's cross and nagging wife.
• Rip Van Winkle, Jr. – Rip Van Winkle's ne'er-do-well son.
• Judith Gardenier – Rip Van Winkle's married daughter; she takes her begetter in after he returns from his sleep.
• Derrick Van Bummel – The local schoolmaster who went on to serve in the American Revolution every bit a flag officer and later a fellow member of Congress.
• Nicholas Vedder – Landlord of the local inn where menfolk congregate.
• Van Schaick – The local parson.
• Jonathan Doolittle – Owner of the Union Hotel, the establishment that replaced the hamlet inn.
• Wolf – Van Winkle'south faithful dog.
• Man carrying a keg upwards the mount – The ghost of one of Henry Hudson's crew members.
• Ninepin bowlers – The ghosts of Henry Hudson'due south crewmen from his ship, the Half-Moon; they share royal magic liquor with Rip Van Winkle and play a game of nine-pins.
• Brom Dutcher – Van Winkle's neighbor who went off to war while Van Winkle was sleeping.
• Onetime woman – Woman who identifies Van Winkle when he returns to the hamlet after his sleep.
• Peter Vanderdonk – The oldest resident of the village, who confirms Van Winkle'south identity and cites show indicating Van Winkle's foreign tale is true.
• Mr. Gardenier – Judith Gardenier's hubby, a farmer, and crabby villager.
• Rip Van Winkle Three – Rip Van Winkle's infant grandchild; his mother is Judith Gardenier. It is not explained why he is named afterward his maternal grandfather instead of his father.

Composition and publication history [edit]

Get-go installment of The Sketch Volume of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. included "Rip Van Winkle"

After a failed business venture with his brothers, Irving filed for defalcation in 1818.^[2] Despondent, he turned to writing for possible fiscal back up, although he had difficulty thinking of stories to write. He stayed in Birmingham, England, where his brother-in-law Henry Van Wart had opened a trading firm.^[three] The ii were reminiscing in June 1818 when Irving was suddenly inspired by their cornball conversation.^[iv] Irving locked himself in his room and wrote non-stop all night. As he said, he felt like a human being waking from a long slumber. He presented the first draft of "Rip Van Winkle" to the Van Wart family over breakfast.^[v]

"Rip Van Winkle" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Irving asked his brother Ebeneezer to assist with publication in the United states. As Irving wrote, "I shall experience very anxious to hear of the success of this first re-appearance on the literary stage – Should it be successful, I trust I shall be able henceforth to keep upward an occasional fire."^[six] Two grand copies of the first octavo-sized installment, which included "Rip Van Winkle", were released on June 23, 1819, in Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, published by Cornelius S. Van Winkle, and sold at a somewhat expensive 75 cents.^[7] A British edition was published presently afterward, by John Miller, who went out of business immediately thereafter. With help from his friend Walter Scott, Irving was able to convince John Murray to take over British publication of the Sketch Book.^[eight]

Following the success of Rip Van Winkle in print and on stage, later on historic editions were illustrated by Arthur (Heinemann, 1905) and Due north.C. Wyeth (McKay, 1921).

Themes and literary forerunners [edit]

In the tenth chapter of his book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, the third-century AD Greek historian Diogenes Laërtius relates the story of the legendary sage Epimenides of Knossos, who was said to have been a shepherd on the island of Crete.^{[ix] [10]} One day, Epimenides followed later a sheep that had wandered off and, after condign tired, went into a cave under Mount Ida and fell asleep. When he awoke, he continued searching for the sheep, but could non notice it, so he returned to his father's farm, only to observe that information technology was under new ownership. He went domicile, only to notice that the people there did non know him. Finally, he encountered his younger brother, who had become an erstwhile man, and learned that he had been comatose in the cave for fifty-seven years.^{[9] [x]} According to the unlike sources that Diogenes relates, Epimenides lived to be 154, 157, or 299 years one-time.^[11] Multiple sources accept identified the story of Epimenides as the earliest known variant of the "Rip Van Winkle" fairy tale.^{[nine] [10] [12] [13] [xiv]}

In Christian tradition, there is a like, well-known story of "The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus", which recounts a group of early Christians who hid in a cave circa 250 AD, to escape the persecution of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Decius. They fell into a miraculous sleep and woke some 200 years later during the reign of Theodosius II, to discover that the city and the whole Empire had go Christian.^[13] This Christian story is recounted by Islam and appears in a famous Sura of the Quran, Sura Al-Kahf.^[15] The version recalls a group of young monotheists escaping from persecution within a cave and emerging hundreds of years later.^[16]

Another like story in the Islamic tradition is of Uzair (usually identified with the Biblical Ezra) whose grief at the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians was so great that God took his soul and brought him back to life later Jerusalem was reconstructed. He rode on his revived donkey and entered his native place. But the people did not recognize him, nor did his household, except the maid, who was now an onetime blind woman. He prayed to God to cure her blindness and she could see again. He meets his son who recognized him by a mole between his shoulders and was older than he was.^{[17] [xviii]} (come across Uzair#Islamic tradition and literature).

In Judaism, there is the story of Honi ha-M'agel, a miracle-working sage of the 1st century BC, who was a historical character but to whom diverse myths were attached. I of them recounts that Honi was journeying on the road and he saw a human being planting a carob tree. He asked him: How long does information technology take to carry fruit? The man replied: Lxx years. ha-M'agel then further asked the man: Are you certain that yous volition live another seventy years? The man replied: No. But I am planting this not for myself, but for the other generations to come later on me and the generations to follow those. Honi and then shrugged every bit he walked abroad from the man. Later that day, he sat downwardly to take a residual. Just he slept for seventy years, and rocks had formed a tent-like structure around him. When he woke, he saw a man picking a tree with carobs all over information technology. He asked: Are you the man that planted this tree? The man replied: No. Simply my male parent told me that his father planted this tree for me.^[xix]

The story of "Rip Van Winkle" itself is widely thought to have been based on Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal'southward German language folktale "Peter Klaus",^{[4] [13]} which is a shorter story set in a German village. Information technology tells of a goatherd named Peter Klaus who goes looking for a lost goat. He finds some men drinking in the wood and, afterward drinking some of their wine, he falls asleep. When he wakes back up, 20 years have passed.^{[four] [20]}

In many means, the story is a classic European fairy tale of a man who is actually rewarded for helping the fairies move their barrel. They advance him to a time in life where he is free of his nagging married woman. He is now former enough for it to be respectable for him to take it like shooting fish in a barrel and play with children, working when he wants to instead of when he has to, supported past his loving, grown children.^{[ citation needed ]} The theme of independence is as well explored; the young Van Winkle lives in British America and is a subject of the Male monarch; the old Van Winkle awakes in a land independent of the Crown. On a personal level, the awakened Van Winkle has gained another form of "independence": existence widowered from his shrewish wife.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Orkney, there is a similar folktale linked to the burial mound of Salt Knowe, adjacent to the Ring of Brodgar. A drunken fiddler on his way home hears music from the mound. He finds a way in and finds the trowes (trolls) having a political party. He stays and plays for two hours, and then makes his manner home to Stenness, where he discovers fifty years take passed. The Orkney Rangers^{[ clarification needed ]} believe this may be one source for Washington Irving's tale considering his father was an Orcadian from the island of Shapinsay and would almost certainly accept known the story.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Ireland, the story of Niamh and Oisin has a similar theme. Oisin falls in love with the beautiful Niamh and leaves with her on her snow white horse, bound for Tir Na nOg – the country of the ever-immature. Missing his family and friends, he asks to pay them a visit. Niamh lends him her horse, alert him never to dismount, and he travels dorsum to Republic of ireland. But 300 years have passed; his family and beau warriors are all dead. When Oisin encounters some men trying to motion a boulder, he reaches downward to help them, the girth of the horse's saddle snaps, and he falls to the basis. Before the watching eyes of the men, he becomes a very, very erstwhile man.

Author Joe Gioia suggests the bones plot strongly resembles, and may accept originated with, an upstate New York Seneca legend of a young squirrel hunter who encounters the mystic "Lilliputian People", and after a night with them returns to his village to find it overgrown by forest and everyone gone: that single dark had lasted a year.^[21]

The story too bears some similarities to stories from East asia, including the third century Advertizement Chinese tale of "Ranka", as retold by Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals, and the eighth-century Japanese tale "Urashima Tarō".^[xiii] The Hindu story of Muchukunda from the Bhagavatam besides displays many similarities to the story of "Rip Van Winkle".^{[22] [23]}

The theme is taken up in numerous mod works of science fiction. In H. G. Wells's The Sleeper Awakes, a man who sleeps for 203 years wakes up in a completely transformed London where he has get the richest homo in the world. In the original Buck Rogers volume, the protagonist falls asleep under the influence of a gas in a mine, sleeps for four centuries and wakes to find America nether the rule of Mongol invaders – whereupon he places himself at the head of the freedom fighters. In Roger Zelazny's scientific discipline-fantasy series The Chronicles of Amber, protagonist Corwyn experiences drinking and revelry in an hush-hush lair with otherworldly people who effort to entice him into slumber; he knows this is a centuries-of-sleep trap and resists; the passage is similar in theme to both "Rip Van Winkle" and specially the Orkney story.

Albert Einstein'due south theory of relativity, under which a person traveling at most light speed would experience only the passage of a few years just would render to find centuries had passed on Earth, provides a broad new scope to express essentially the same literary theme – for example, in the opening chapter of Ursula Grand. Le Guin'southward Rocannon'south World. In Robert Heinlein's Time for the Stars, Earth sends out a fleet of relativistic ships to explore the galaxy, their crews hailed as stalwart pioneers – but after a century, which they experience as only a few years, faster-than-low-cal ships are developed and the before ones are recalled, their crews discovering that they had become unwanted anachronisms on a inverse Earth. The protagonist notices a paper headline disparagingly announcing the inflow of himself and his shipmates as "yet another crew of Rip Van Winkles". The Queen song "'39" is similarly a tale of relativistic space travelers returning to their home planet to find a century has elapsed.

Adaptations [edit]

The story has been adapted for other media for the last ii centuries, in cartoons, films, stage plays, music, and other media.

Theater [edit]

• Actor Joseph Jefferson performed various dramatizations of the character on the 19th-century stage.^[24] He and Dion Boucicault wrote an adaptation^[25] which opened in London in 1865^[24] and on Broadway in 1866.^{[24] [25]} Around 1894, Helen Keller, a close friend of Jefferson's, attended his stage performance while she studied in New York; he later performed scenes for her via haptics, assuasive her to feel his movements as he acted. She described his interpretation of Rip Van Winkle as a "beautiful, pathetic representation [that] quite carried me abroad with delight. I have a moving picture of old Rip in my fingers which they will never lose."^[26]

Film [edit]

• In 1896, Joseph Jefferson filmed a series of short films recreating scenes from his stage adaptations,^[25] which are collectively in the U.Southward. National Film Registry.
• Several other picture adaptations have been produced.^[25]

Music [edit]

• George Frederick Bristow composed 1855 an opera entitled Rip van Winkle.
• In 1882, Robert Planquette and H.B. Farnie premiered a romantic opera adaptation.^[25]
• The 1960s Tale Spinners For Children tape series included a dramatization of the "Rip Van Winkle" story.^[27]
• In 1977, Mr. Pickwick Records released an anthology (SPC-5156) with Boris Karloff narrating a version of the story along with a version of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
• Numerous modernistic songs have been written whose lyrics retell the story, including the 1961 song "Rip Van Winkle" by The Devotions, the 2006 song "Rip Van Winkle" by Witch, and "Kaatskill Serenade" by David Bromberg. In the Belle and Sebastian song "I Could Be Dreaming" an excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle" is read.

Cartoons and blithe films [edit]

• Molly Moo-Moo-cow and Rip Van Winkle (1935) – Molly Moo-Cow meets Rip van Winkle. Picture produced by the Van Beuren Studios.
• The Looney Tunes drawing, Take You lot Got Whatsoever Castles? (1938), depicts Rip Van Winkle trying to autumn comatose in a cuckoo clock.
• In the animated short Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle (1941), the soundly-sleeping Rip is evicted for not paying his rent for xx years. The film features a caricature of Chico Marx playing the piano.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In the 16th episode of The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo (original airdate January xvi, 1965), Mr. Magoo (voiced by Jim Backus) plays Rip Van Winkle.^[25]
• The story inspired an episode of The Flintstones entitled "Rip Van Flintstone", which originally aired on November five, 1965.^[28] In it, Fred falls asleep at the Slate Company picnic and dreams he has awakened twenty years in the future equally an old homo. He notices various changes to his town of Bedrock and to his friends. Fred remarks that, "Perchance I take fallen asleep for 20 years like in that Rip Van Winklestone story."
• The story was parodied in an episode of the Laurel and Hardy cartoon serial entitled "Flipped Van Winkles".
• Tales of Washington Irving, a one-hour animated television set special from 1970, presented adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle".^[25]
• Rip Van Winkle (1978), a claymation version of the story produced and directed by Will Vinton, was nominated for an Academy Honour for Best Animated Short Flick.^[29]
• An episode of the HBO show Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child gives a feminist retelling of the story as told from the indicate of view of Rip's married woman Vanna. The adaptation, starring Tom Arnold and Calista Flockhart and co-narrated by Gloria Steinem, is set in the 1960s, where Rip is a heavy metal rocker who ofttimes neglects his wife and kid.^[25]

Comics [edit]

• Issue 12 of Classics Illustrated retold the "Rip Van Winkle" story with various twists.
• In the Carl Barks comic Rip Van Donald (1950), Donald Duck's nephews trick him into assertive that he has been sleeping for 40 years, and has supposedly awakened in the then-future year of 1990. Donald expects to come across a fabulous "futuristic" world, and the nephews must use various tricks to keep their prank going. Somewhen Donald falls asleep and "returns" to 1950.
• Disney'southward "Rip van Goofy" (February i, 1966)^[30] is a parody of "Rip Van Winkle", with Goofy portraying the character who sleeps for 20 years. When he awakens, no one remembers him except Mickey Mouse, once a child to whom Rip van Goofy told fantasy stories.
• In a 1988 issue of Boys' Life, the Dink & Duff comic strip has the African-American Cub Scout Dink pondering the meaning of Americanism, simply to lapse into a coma and awaken in 2068. A boy who addresses him as "Rip van Dinkle" explains that during the past lxxx years the U.s.a. has been replaced past an authoritarian monarchy. Dink eventually awakens back in 1988.
• In Globo's Mônica #141 (1998) has a comic chosen Mônica Van Winkle where later on Monica reads the story of Rip Van Winkle and starts to sleep, Jimmy Five and the boys come with a plan to trick her into believing that she slept for xxx years and anybody grew up and are now adult (using stilts to look taller) and making Monica believe that she didn't grow upwardly for being a dwarf. This comic was later adapted in an episode of the drawing serial in 2009.
• A second adaptation of the story in Monica and Friends was made in 2008 in Panini'south Turma da Monica #21, however being adjusted as Dud Van Winkle with the main character existence a doppelgänger of Junior (Dudu) and ending with the character waking up in the Parque da Mônica.

Tv [edit]

• The story was adapted twice for Kraft Goggle box Theatre, once in 1950 with Lawrence Fletcher and once in 1953 with Raymond Bramley.
• East. G. Marshall played the title character in a 1958 episode of Shirley Temple's Storybook.
• The Telly testify Wishbone showed the dog imagining himself every bit the title grapheme, consummate with the men playing nine-pins and his mistaking the George Washington Inn for his onetime hangout, the King George Inn.^{[31] [32]}
• Harry Dean Stanton played the championship role in the 1987 Shelley Duvall's Alpine Tales and Legends episode directed by Francis Ford Coppola.
• An episode of the 1980s Smurfs Tv series, titled "Smurf Van Winkle", is based on this story.

Verse [edit]

• British poet laureate Carol Ann Duffy wrote "Mrs Rip Van Winkle" from the perspective of the wife, who in the original story is voiceless.

Statue [edit]

At that place is a statue of Rip Van Winkle in Irvington, New York.

In popular culture [edit]

Infrastructure [edit]

• The Rip Van Winkle Bridge carries New York State Road 23 over the Hudson River, connecting Catskill, New York and Hudson, New York.

Beverages [edit]

• Old Rip Van Winkle is a brand of Kentucky Directly Bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company.
• Pappy Van Winkle'southward Family unit Reserve is the flagship brand of Bourbon whiskey endemic by the "One-time Rip Van Winkle Distillery" company, actually distilled and bottled by the Sazerac Company.

Literature [edit]

• A character in the novel Darkness at Noon (1940) is nicknamed Rip Van Winkle because he spent 20 years imprisoned in solitary confinement.
• A immature Rip Van Winkle is the primary character in the 2015 novel, Rip Van Winkle and The Pumpkin Lantern by Seth Adam Smith.

Music [edit]

• The American composer George Whitefield Chadwick wrote a concert overture entitled Rip Van Winkle in 1879, when he was a student in Leipzig.
• Composer Ferde Grofe spent xx years working on a symphonic tone verse form based on "Rip Van Winkle", somewhen reworking the fabric into his Hudson River Suite. One of the movements is entitled "Rip Van Winkle".
• American musician Josh Eppard, rapping under the name Weerd Scientific discipline, references Rip Van Winkle in his song, "Sick Kids". In the chorus of the vocal, Eppard sings "I tried to tell you that these kids are sick, man. Go out you lot sleeping in the dirt similar your name was Rip Van."
• "Mount Music" is a song written by Randy Owen, and recorded by the American land music band Alabama. It was released in January 1982 and references Rip Van Winkle in the lyrics of the song, "Take a nap like Rip Van Winkle."
• Ween'southward song "Sketches of Winkle", from 1991, also alludes to the story.
• Laura Harrington aspiring actress mentions Rip Van Winkle in Lionel Richie's 1984 music video "Hello".
• In the Belle & Sebastian vocal "I Could Be Dreaming", a slice of the story existence read aloud tin be heard in the groundwork.
• African-American composer Cab Calloway'due south song "Jitterbug", references Rip Van Wrinkle "Every bit ripman with his eyes atwinkle, Nosotros names him after Rip Van Wrinkle"^[33]

Idiot box [edit]

• In an episode of The Twilight Zone entitled "The Rip Van Winkle Caper" (season 2, episode 24, original airdate Apr 21, 1961), four gold thieves place themselves in suspended blitheness for 100 years in social club to escape the law and, upon revival, spend their stolen fortune with impunity. Complications ascend in the course of a Rod Serling plot twist.
• An episode of The Twilight Zone (TV series), titled "In His Image", mentions the title grapheme afterward a man realizes his hometown has greatly changed in supposedly 1 calendar week.
• In an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Relics" (October 17, 1992), 147-yr-old Captain Montgomery Scott is revived after 75 years in a transport buffer.
• In the movie Star Trek Generations (1994) 138-yr-old Admiral James T. Kirk comes back to life after being "suspended" in a Nexus for 78 years.
• The manga/anime series Hellsing has a minor antagonist named Rip Van Winkle.
• In the BBC tv set show Physician Who, the tenth episode of the ninth series (titled "Sleep no More than") involves a auto called Morpheus which can condense a total night's worth of sleep into mere minutes. People who refuse to use Morpheus are colloquially called "Rips", referencing Rip van Winkle.

Video games [edit]

• The 1990 video game Super Mario World features an enemy known as "Rip Van Fish" which constantly sleeps unless disturbed.
• In the 2018 video game Ruddy Dead Redemption ii, when a fellow member of the Pinkerton Detective Agency asks John Marston who he is, John responds sarcastically, stating that he'south "Rip Van Winkle".
• In the Saturn fan-translation of "Policenauts", the principal character of Jonathan Ingram, who was frozen in space for 25 years later an accident, is called "Rip Van Winkle" a few times. The Japanese version referred to the story of Urashima_Tarō.

Come across also [edit]

• Rip Van Wink from The Beano
• Seven Sleepers, the Christian and Islamic story of a group of youths who hid inside a cave at Ephesus to escape Roman persecutions and emerged some 300 years later on.
• The Bedbug, the story of Prisypkin, who was frozen in the basement for fifty years.

References [edit]

1. ^ Pierre Thousand. Irving, The Life and Messages of Washington Irving, Chiliad. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883, vol. ii, p. 176.
2. ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 117. ISBN978-0-465-00853-7.
3. ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. p. 168. ISBN978-i-55970-836-4.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 125. ISBN978-0-465-00853-7.
5. ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. pp. 168–169. ISBN978-1-55970-836-iv.
6. ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 120. ISBN978-0-465-00853-7.
7. ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2008). Washington Irving: An American Original. New York: Arcade Books. pp. 177–178. ISBN978-1-55970-836-iv.
8. ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN978-0-465-00853-7.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Rothschild, Clare K. (2014). Paul in Athens: The Popular Religious Context of Acts 17. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 40–42. ISBN978-3-16-153260-iii.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Hansen, William (2017). The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Academy Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN9780691170152.
11. ^ Diogenes Laërtius (1972). Lives of Eminent Philosophers: Books I-V. Translated by Hick, R. D. (translator). Cambridge: Harvard. p. 115.
12. ^ Welch, Deshler (9 May 1887). The Theater. Vol. iii. New York Urban center, New York: Theatre Publishing Visitor. p. 139. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Thorn, John. "Saint Rip". nyfolklore.org. Voices: The Journal of New York Sociology. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
14. ^ Bates, Alfred (1906). The Drama; Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilisation: American Drama. Vol. 20. London, England: Historical Publishing Company. p. 121. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
15. ^ Quran Surah Al-Kahf
16. ^ "Surat Al-Kahf (18:ix–26)". The Holy Qur'an – القرآن الكريم.
17. ^ Renda, Thou'nsel (1978). "The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh". Turkish Treasures Civilization /Art / Tourism Magazine.
18. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, translated by Shaikh muhammed Mustafa Gemeiah, Office of the M Imam, Sheikh al-Azhar, El-Nour Publishing, Egypt, 1997, Ch.21, pp.322-four
19. ^ Babylonian Talmud Taanit 23a Hebrew/Aramaic text at Mechon-Mamre
20. ^ A translation of the tale is bachelor on Wikisource: Peter the Goatherd.
21. ^ Gioia, Joe (2013). The Guitar and the New World: A Fugitive History. Land University of New York Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN978-ane-4384-4617-two. The story of the young hunter and the Peachy Little People, whose single night is that of a man twelvemonth, became Irving's satire on progress and a portrait of the fundamental strangeness of alter.
22. ^ "Muchukunda". Mythfolklore.internet. October 16, 2007. Retrieved October thirty, 2013.
23. ^ "Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Affiliate 51". Vedabase.internet. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-30 .
24. ^ ^{a b c} Jefferson, Joseph; Boucicault, Dion (1895). Rip Van Winkle (Introduction). Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 401–403. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
25. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Phase and Screen. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Visitor. pp. 197–198. ISBN9780786492794 . Retrieved 23 May 2017.
26. ^ Keller, Helen (1903). The Story of My Life. ISBN978-1-7225-0392-v. OCLC 1263778902.
27. ^ "Tale Spinners for Children". Archived from the original on 2013-08-thirteen. Retrieved 2019-04-18 .
28. ^ "IMDb Pro : Rip Van Flintstone Business Details". pro.imdb.com. July 27, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
29. ^ "Will Vinton'south Personal Website". Willvinton.net. Retrieved 2013-x-thirty .
30. ^ "Rip van Goofy". Walt Disney'due south Comics and Stories (v). Gilt Fundamental. 26 (305). February 1, 1966.
31. ^ Moore, Scott (November 5, 1995). "In Dogged Pursuit of Literacy". The Washington Postal service . Retrieved 26 March 2017.
32. ^ Mendoza, Manuel (October 8, 1995). "Tales Wag 'Wishbone' To Lure Kids To Classics". The Sunday Sentinel . Retrieved 26 March 2017.
33. ^ "Cab Calloway Jitterbug (Rerecorded) - Google Search". www.google.com . Retrieved 2021-05-08 .

Sources [edit]

• Irving, Washington (1921). Rip Van Winkle. Illustrated past Wyeth, N.C. – via Internet Archive.
• Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. Harvard Classics – via Bartleby.
• Irving, Washington (1946). Rip Van Winkle (Audiobook). Decca. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-05-27 – via KiddieRecords.
• Dickson, W.Grand.Fifty. (1896). Rip Van Winkle (Motion picture) – via Internet Archive.
• 'Karl Katz', a comparing. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2009-10-28.
• Irving, Washington (1948). Rip Van Winkle (Radio play). Theatre Guild on the Air. Internet Annal

Further reading [edit]

• "'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Fable of Sleepy Hollow' – Irving's Fictions of Revolution". cowbeech.force9.co.great britain.
• "'Rip Van Winkle' Study Guide". Cummings Study Guides.
• "Washington Irving in Birmingham". Birmingham.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2003-11-11 .

External links [edit]

howellanlity.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle

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